A reexamination of the functions and classification of Hiligaynon and Tagalog numerals

This study revisits the functions of numerals in Tagalog and Hiligaynon, challenging the conventional classification of numerals as adjectives. Through an analysis of different linguistic data drawn from actual native speakers and written text, it was observed that numerals in both languages primarily serve to express quantity, a function distinguishable from the descriptive role of canonical adjectives. Additionally, Tagalog and Hiligaynon numerals demonstrate syntactic behaviors that diverge from adjectives, particularly their absence in certain constructions, such as comparative constructions. The research also underscores the expanded semantic roles of numerals, such as isa in Tagalog and Hiligaynon, encompassing functions beyond mere quantification, including those related to unity, exclusivity, and singular action. These findings suggest that numerals operate within a distinct grammatical paradigm, warranting their categorization as a separate word class in both Tagalog and Hiligaynon.